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AN123
USING T H E DAC A S A FU N C T I O N G E N E R A T O R Relevant Devices
This application note applies to the following devices:
Implementation
The main routine of this program is a command C8051F020, C8051F021, C8051F022, and interpreter that sets parameters for the Timer 4 C8051F023. interrupt service routine (ISR) which manages the DAC updates. The Timer 4 interrupts occur at a predetermined rate set at compile time. In the Introduction included software example, this value is stored in This document describes how to implement an the constant . The interrupt driven multifunction generator on C8051 Timer 4 ISR updates the DAC and calculates or devices using the on-chip digital-to-analog con- looks up the next output value based on the waveverter (DAC). form settings.
Features
* Four different waveforms expandable to any periodic function defined in a table. - Sine Wave (Table Defined) - Square Wave (Calculated) - Triangle Wave (Calculated) - Saw Tooth Wave (Calculated) * * Allows selection of the frequency and amplitude of waveform at run time. An interactive interface with a PC using the serial communications port and HyperTerminal or an equivalent program.
Setting up the DAC
Any free DAC, referred to as DACn, may be used to generate waveforms. In this example DACn is used in left-justified mode with output scheduling based on Timer 4 overflows. Refer to the data sheet for specific information on how to set the DACnCN register to specify DACn modes. When the DAC is configured to left-justified mode, 16-bit data can be written to the 12-bit data register with no shifting required. In this case, the 4 least significant bits are ignored. In this example, DACn updates occur on Timer 4 overflows, meaning writes to DACnH and DACnL have no immediate effect on the DAC output, but instead are held until the next Timer 4 overflow. Another important note is that the internal voltage reference must be enabled by setting the appropriate bits in the REFnCN register before the DAC can be used.
Key Points
* * * Output waveforms have 16-bit frequency resolution using the phase accumulator approach. The on-chip DAC's can support waveform generation up to 50 kHz. By using a 16-bit lookup table with a 12-bit DAC, error in the amplitude is virtually eliminated.
Sampling Rate
The sampling rate is configured by initializing the Timer 4 reload value with the number of SYSCLK
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Copyright (c) 2003 by Silicon Laboratories
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cycles between interrupts. This number is negative from 0 to 65535, and a vertical 2's complement because C8051 timers are up-counters and can be amplitude axis ranging from -32768 to 32767. calculated using the following formula: All waveforms generated use a 16-bit phase accumulator which keeps track of where the output ( - SYSCLK ) Timer 4 Reload = ---------------------------------------------------------waveform is on the horizontal axis. This phase SAMPLE_RATE_DAC accumulator provides a frequency resolution of 1.2 Hz, given a DAC update rate of 80 kHz. Based The maximum sampling rate allowed by the DAC on waveform settings, the first stage of Timer 4 is approximately 100 kHz, given by the 10 s outISR either calculates or looks up the next DAC output settling time. However, use caution when put level corresponding to the phase accumulator. selecting the DAC sampling rate because all The phase accumulator is incremented by the variinstructions in the longest path of the ISR must be able every time the Timer 4 ISR is executed before the next Timer 4 interrupt, or the called. The magnitude of is deteroutput frequency will be affected. For example, mined by the desired output frequency based on using a SYSCLK of 22.1 MHz and a DAC update rate of 80 kHz allows 276 SYSCLK cycles for the this formula: ISR to finish execution. The main trade-off is PHASE_PRECISIONphase_add = frequency x ---------------------------------------------------------SAMPLE_RATE_DAC between the sampling rate and the execution time of the Timer 4 ISR. One way execution time of the where PHASE_PRECISION = 65536 ISR can be reduced to achieve a higher sampling rate is by removing the gain adjustment stage. Also note that the maximum output frequency is limited The entries in the lookup table and the results of the to no more than one half the sampling rate (Nyquist initial calculations are full-scale values. The second theorem). stage of the Timer 4 ISR scales the output level according to the parameter specified Waveform Generation at the command prompt. Waveform generation occurs entirely in the The final processing stage converts the scaled Timer 4 ISR and is implemented in three stages. 2's complement value to an unsigned unipolar The 2D playing field, shown in Figure 1, is used to value prior to delivery to the DAC. This is accomdefine one period of any periodic function. It has plished by adding 32768 to the 2's complement two 16-bit axes, a horizontal phase axis ranging
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64 0 16384
128
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8-bit table index
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65535
16-bit phase axis
-32768
Figure 1. One Period of a Table Defined Sine Wave
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value. An efficient way to implement this operation Calculated Waveforms is to XOR the 2's complement value with 0x8000.
Table Defined Waveforms
As mentioned above, waveform generation consists of three stages before samples are written to the DAC. The output of the first stage, which determines the full scale output value, can either result from a calculation or a table lookup. A lookup table can be used if the output is not quickly or easily calculated. The main trade-off is sampling speed vs. code size. Phase Error Figure 1 shows one period of a sine wave. A lookup table containing 256 samples of this waveform is used to approximate a true sine wave. Keep in mind that the lookup table can approximate any other periodic waveform. If the output is set to "sine wave" at the command prompt, the Timer 4 ISR performs a lookup to obtain the output, using the eight most significant bits of the phase accumulator as the table index. The truncation to 8-bits introduces an error which can be interpreted as an instantaneous phase error or a slight error in the waveform amplitude. The frequency resolution, which is determined by the 16-bit accumulator, is not affected by the truncation because the error is not accumulated across multiple samples. Amplitude Error Amplitude error can be introduced from two sources, a low resolution amplitude or phase axis. Since the DAC has a 12-bit output resolution, error resulting from the amplitude axis can be eliminated by storing 16-bit values in the lookup table. Amplitude error that results from the phase axis can only be corrected by increasing the number of entries in the lookup table. Increasing the number of table entries will stabilize the instantaneous frequency by reducing the phase error, at the expense of increased code size.
Stage one of the Timer 4 ISR calculates the full scale output value of the waveform corresponding to the 16-bit phase accumulator. Since using the full 16-bit precision of the phase accumulator in the calculation does not require many clock cycles, both the amplitude and phase error are less than in table-defined waveforms. Square Wave The algorithm used to calculate the output value of the square wave is quite simple. As shown in Figure 2, if the phase accumulator is in the first half of the cycle, then the output is set to the maximum value of +32767. Otherwise, the output is set to the minimum value (-32768). The most significant bit of the phase accumulator contains enough information to determine the output value of the square wave. Triangle Wave The calculation of a triangle wave involves the equation of 2 lines with opposite slope. From Figure 3, the slope is +2 in the first half and -2 in the second half. Saw Tooth Wave
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The equation of a saw tooth wave is a straight line with a slope of 1. Figure 4 shows one period of a full scale saw tooth wave.
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0 16384 32767 49152 65535
Figure 3. One period of a calculated triangle wave
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Figure 2. One period of a calculated square wave
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0 16384 32767 49152 65535
-32768
Figure 4. One period of a calculated saw tooth wave
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AN123 Software Example
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------// DAC1_fgen1.c //----------------------------------------------------------------------------// // AUTH: BW,FB // DATE: 2 OCT 01 // // Target: C8051F02x // Tool chain: KEIL C51 // // Description: // Example source code which outputs waveforms on DAC1. DAC1's output is // scheduled to update at a rate determined by the constant // , managed and timed by Timer4. // // Implements a 256-entry full-cycle sine table of 16-bit precision. Other // waveforms supported are square, triangle, and saw tooth. // // The output frequency is determined by a 16-bit phase adder. // At each DAC update cycle, the phase adder value is added to a running // phase accumulator, , the upper bits of which are used // to access the sine lookup table. // // The program is controlled through UART using HyperTerminal running on a // PC. All commands are two characters in length and have optional // frequency and amplitude arguments. Note that the amplitude parameter // cannot be specified unless the frequency is also specified. // // Command Format: // // XX [frequency] [amplitude] // // where XX denotes the command // // Command List: // // SQ - Square Wave // SI - Sine Wave // TR - Triangle Wave // SA - Saw Tooth Wave // OF - Output OFF // ?? - Help //----------------------------------------------------------------------------// Includes //----------------------------------------------------------------------------#include #include #include #include #include // SFR declarations
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------// 16-bit SFR Definitions for `F02x //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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sfr16 sfr16 sfr16 sfr16 sfr16 sfr16 sfr16 sfr16 sfr16 sfr16 sfr16 sfr16 DP TMR3RL TMR3 ADC0 ADC0GT ADC0LT RCAP2 T2 RCAP4 T4 DAC0 DAC1 = = = = = = = = = = = = 0x82; 0x92; 0x94; 0xbe; 0xc4; 0xc6; 0xca; 0xcc; 0xe4; 0xf4; 0xd2; 0xd5; // // // // // // // // // // // // data pointer Timer3 reload value Timer3 counter ADC0 data ADC0 greater than window ADC0 less than window Timer2 capture/reload Timer2 Timer4 capture/reload Timer4 DAC0 data DAC1 data
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------// Function PROTOTYPES //----------------------------------------------------------------------------void void void void void void long void void void void void void void void main (void); SYSCLK_Init (void); PORT_Init (void); UART0_Init (void); Timer4_Init (int counts); Timer4_ISR (void); pow(int x, int y); Print_Command_List(void); Sine(void); Square(void); Triangle(void); Saw(void); Off(void); Help(void); Error(void);
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------// Global CONSTANTS //----------------------------------------------------------------------------#define SYSCLK #define BAUDRATE 22118400 9600 // SYSCLK frequency in Hz // Baud rate of UART in bps // DAC sampling rate in Hz // range of phase accumulator // command length is 2 characters // command size is 3 bytes // // // // // when a command is entered, it is compared to the command field of of the table. If there is a match then the the function located at function_ptr will be executed
#define SAMPLE_RATE_DAC 80000L #define PHASE_PRECISION 65536 #define command_length 2 #define command_size 3 typedef struct Command_Table_Type { char command[command_size]; void (*function_ptr)(void); }Command_Table_Type;
typedef enum Waveform { SQUARE,
// the different possible output // waveforms
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SINE, TRIANGLE, SAW, OFF }Waveform; typedef union lng { long Long; int Int[2]; } lng; // access a long variable as two // 16-bit integer values
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------// Global Variables //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
unsigned long frequency = 1000;
// frequency of output in Hz, // defaults to 1000 Hz
unsigned int phase_add = 1000 * PHASE_PRECISION / SAMPLE_RATE_DAC; unsigned int amplitude = 100 * 655; Waveform output_waveform = OFF; // 655 is a scaling factor // see the Timer 4 ISR
char input_str[16]= ""; #define num_commands 6 Command_Table_Type code function_table[num_commands + 1] = { {"SQ", Square}, {"SI", Sine}, {"TR", Triangle}, {"SA", Saw}, {"OF", Off}, {"??", Help}, {"", Error} }; // a full cycle, 16-bit, 2's complement sine wave lookup table int code SINE_TABLE[256] = { 0x0000, 0x18f8, 0x30fb, 0x471c, 0x5a82, 0x6a6d, 0x7641, 0x7d8a, 0x7fff, 0x7d8a, 0x7641, 0x6a6d, 0x5a82, 0x471c, 0x30fb, 0x0324, 0x1c0b, 0x33de, 0x49b4, 0x5cb4, 0x6c24, 0x776c, 0x7e1d, 0x7ff6, 0x7ce3, 0x7504, 0x68a6, 0x5842, 0x447a, 0x2e11, 0x0647, 0x1f19, 0x36ba, 0x4c3f, 0x5ed7, 0x6dca, 0x7884, 0x7e9d, 0x7fd8, 0x7c29, 0x73b5, 0x66cf, 0x55f5, 0x41ce, 0x2b1f, 0x096a, 0x2223, 0x398c, 0x4ebf, 0x60ec, 0x6f5f, 0x798a, 0x7f09, 0x7fa7, 0x7b5d, 0x7255, 0x64e8, 0x539b, 0x3f17, 0x2826, 0x0c8b, 0x2528, 0x3c56, 0x5133, 0x62f2, 0x70e2, 0x7a7d, 0x7f62, 0x7f62, 0x7a7d, 0x70e2, 0x62f2, 0x5133, 0x3c56, 0x2528, 0x0fab, 0x2826, 0x3f17, 0x539b, 0x64e8, 0x7255, 0x7b5d, 0x7fa7, 0x7f09, 0x798a, 0x6f5f, 0x60ec, 0x4ebf, 0x398c, 0x2223, 0x12c8, 0x2b1f, 0x41ce, 0x55f5, 0x66cf, 0x73b5, 0x7c29, 0x7fd8, 0x7e9d, 0x7884, 0x6dca, 0x5ed7, 0x4c3f, 0x36ba, 0x1f19, 0x15e2, 0x2e11, 0x447a, 0x5842, 0x68a6, 0x7504, 0x7ce3, 0x7ff6, 0x7e1d, 0x776c, 0x6c24, 0x5cb4, 0x49b4, 0x33de, 0x1c0b,
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0x18f8, 0x0000, 0xe708, 0xcf05, 0xb8e4, 0xa57e, 0x9593, 0x89bf, 0x8276, 0x8000, 0x8276, 0x89bf, 0x9593, 0xa57e, 0xb8e4, 0xcf05, 0xe708, }; code char string0[] = "\n\n*** OUTPUT IS NOW A "; code char string1[] = "\n\n----------------------------------\n\n"; 0x15e2, 0xfcdc, 0xe3f5, 0xcc22, 0xb64c, 0xa34c, 0x93dc, 0x8894, 0x81e3, 0x800a, 0x831d, 0x8afc, 0x975a, 0xa7be, 0xbb86, 0xd1ef, 0xea1e, 0x12c8, 0xf9b9, 0xe0e7, 0xc946, 0xb3c1, 0xa129, 0x9236, 0x877c, 0x8163, 0x8028, 0x83d7, 0x8c4b, 0x9931, 0xaa0b, 0xbe32, 0xd4e1, 0xed38, 0x0fab, 0xf696, 0xdddd, 0xc674, 0xb141, 0x9f14, 0x90a1, 0x8676, 0x80f7, 0x8059, 0x84a3, 0x8dab, 0x9b18, 0xac65, 0xc0e9, 0xd7da, 0xf055, 0x0c8b, 0xf375, 0xdad8, 0xc3aa, 0xaecd, 0x9d0e, 0x8f1e, 0x8583, 0x809e, 0x809e, 0x8583, 0x8f1e, 0x9d0e, 0xaecd, 0xc3aa, 0xdad8, 0xf375, 0x096a, 0xf055, 0xd7da, 0xc0e9, 0xac65, 0x9b18, 0x8dab, 0x84a3, 0x8059, 0x80f7, 0x8676, 0x90a1, 0x9f14, 0xb141, 0xc674, 0xdddd, 0xf696, 0x0647, 0xed38, 0xd4e1, 0xbe32, 0xaa0b, 0x9931, 0x8c4b, 0x83d7, 0x8028, 0x8163, 0x877c, 0x9236, 0xa129, 0xb3c1, 0xc946, 0xe0e7, 0xf9b9, 0x0324, 0xea1e, 0xd1ef, 0xbb86, 0xa7be, 0x975a, 0x8afc, 0x831d, 0x800a, 0x81e3, 0x8894, 0x93dc, 0xa34c, 0xb64c, 0xcc22, 0xe3f5, 0xfcdc,
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------// MAIN Routine //----------------------------------------------------------------------------void main (void) { char i; char* arg_ptr1; char* arg_ptr2; long temp_frequency; int temp_amplitude; int printed_amplitude = 100; // counting variable // pointers to command line parameters
// used to hold the values input from the // keyboard while they are error checked // a separate copy of amplitude because // temp_amplitude is written over // function pointer used to call the proper // function from the command table // Disable watchdog timer
void (*f)(void);
WDTCN = 0xde; WDTCN = 0xad; SYSCLK_Init (); PORT_Init ();
// initializations for wave generation REF0CN = 0x03; // enable internal VREF generator DAC1CN = 0x97; // enable DAC1 in left-justified mode Timer4_Init(SYSCLK/SAMPLE_RATE_DAC); // using Timer4 as update scheduler // initialize T4 to update DAC1 // after (SYSCLK cycles)/sample have // passed. // initialization for command input
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UART0_Init ();
EA = 1; Print_Command_List(); while(1){
// Enable global interrupts
// get user input printf ("ENTER A COMMAND:>"); gets(input_str,sizeof(input_str)); // wait for input input_str[0] = toupper(input_str[0]); // convert the two characters input_str[1] = toupper(input_str[1]); // in the command to uppercase
// Parse the command for (i = 0; i < num_commands; i++){ // strncmp() returns 0 if the first two arguments are the same string // set for the command that matched if (0 == strncmp(input_str, function_table[i].command, command_length)){ arg_ptr1 = strchr (input_str, ` `); arg_ptr1++; // point to the frequency arg_ptr2 = strchr(arg_ptr1, ` `); arg_ptr2++; // point to amplitude temp_frequency = atol(arg_ptr1); temp_amplitude = atol(arg_ptr2); // check to make sure entered frequency is valid if (temp_frequency) { frequency = temp_frequency; } else { printf("\n** Frequency will not change\n"); } // check to make sure entered amplitude is valid if ((temp_amplitude > 0) && (temp_amplitude <=100)){ // multiply by 655 to be divided by 65535 (16-bit shift) in the // ISR; this is an optimization to reduce the number of // instructions executed in the ISR amplitude = temp_amplitude * 655; printed_amplitude = temp_amplitude; } else { printf("\n** Amplitude will not change\n"); }
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printf("\nFREQUENCY: %ld Hz", frequency); printf("\nAMPLITUDE: %d %% of VREF/2", printed_amplitude);
EA = 0;
// Disable Interrupts to avoid // contention between the ISR // and the following code.
// set the frequency phase_add = frequency * PHASE_PRECISION / SAMPLE_RATE_DAC;
break; } // end if }// end for // call the associated function f = (void *) function_table[i].function_ptr; f(); EA = 1; } // end while(1) } // end main //----------------------------------------------------------------------------// Init Routines //----------------------------------------------------------------------------//----------------------------------------------------------------------------// SYSCLK_Init //----------------------------------------------------------------------------// // This routine initializes the system clock to use a 22.1184MHz crystal // as its clock source. // void SYSCLK_Init (void) { int i; // delay counter OSCXCN = 0x67; // start external oscillator with // 22.1184MHz crystal // Wait for osc. to start up // Wait for crystal osc. to settle // select external oscillator as SYSCLK // source and enable missing clock // detector // re-enable interrupts
for (i=0; i < 256; i++) ; while (!(OSCXCN & 0x80)) ; OSCICN = 0x88;
} //----------------------------------------------------------------------------// PORT_Init //----------------------------------------------------------------------------// // Configure the Crossbar and GPIO ports
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// void PORT_Init (void) { XBR0 = 0x04; XBR1 = 0x00; XBR2 = 0x40; P0MDOUT |= 0x01; }
// Enable UART0 // Enable crossbar and weak pull-up // Set TX0 pin to push-pull
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------// Timer4_Init //----------------------------------------------------------------------------// This routine initializes Timer4 in auto-reload mode to generate interrupts // at intervals specified in . // void Timer4_Init (int counts) { T4CON = 0; // STOP timer; set to auto-reload mode CKCON |= 0x40; // T4M = `1'; Timer4 counts SYSCLKs RCAP4 = -counts; // set reload value T4 = RCAP4; EIE2 |= 0x04; // enable Timer4 interrupts T4CON |= 0x04; // start Timer4 } //----------------------------------------------------------------------------// UART0_Init //----------------------------------------------------------------------------// // Configure the UART0 using Timer1, for and 8-N-1. // void UART0_Init (void) { SCON0 = 0x50; // SCON0: mode 1, 8-bit UART, enable RX TMOD = 0x20; // TMOD: timer 1, mode 2, 8-bit reload TH1 = -(SYSCLK/BAUDRATE/16); // set Timer1 reload value for baudrate TR1 = 1; // start Timer1 CKCON |= 0x10; // Timer1 uses SYSCLK as time base PCON |= 0x80; // SMOD0 = 1 TI0 = 1; // Indicate TX0 ready } //----------------------------------------------------------------------------// Print_Command_List //----------------------------------------------------------------------------// // Prints the command list to the standard output. // void Print_Command_List (void) { printf ("\n\ SQ - Square Wave\n\ SI - Sine Wave\n\ TR - Triangle Wave\n\ SA - Saw Tooth Wave\n\ OF - Output OFF\n\ ?? - Help\n\n"); }
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//----------------------------------------------------------------------------// Sine //----------------------------------------------------------------------------// // Sets output to a sine wave. // void Sine (void) { output_waveform = SINE; // print this message: *** OUTPUT IS NOW A SINE WAVE printf ("%sSINE WAVE%s",string0,string1); Print_Command_List(); } //----------------------------------------------------------------------------// Square //----------------------------------------------------------------------------// // Sets output to a square wave. // void Square (void) { output_waveform = SQUARE; // print this message: *** OUTPUT IS NOW A SQUARE WAVE printf ("%sSQUARE WAVE%s",string0,string1); Print_Command_List(); } //----------------------------------------------------------------------------// Triangle //----------------------------------------------------------------------------// // Sets output to a triangle wave. // void Triangle (void) { output_waveform = TRIANGLE; // print this message: *** OUTPUT IS NOW A TRIANGLE WAVE printf ("%sTRIANGLE WAVE%s",string0,string1); Print_Command_List(); } //----------------------------------------------------------------------------// Saw //----------------------------------------------------------------------------// // Sets output to a saw tooth wave. // void Saw (void) { output_waveform = SAW; // print this message: *** OUTPUT IS NOW A SAW TOOTH WAVE printf ("%sSAW TOOTH WAVE",string0,string1); Print_Command_List(); }
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//----------------------------------------------------------------------------// Off //----------------------------------------------------------------------------// // Sets output to zero volts DC. // void Off (void) { printf ("\n\n*** OUTPUT OFF",string1); output_waveform = OFF; Print_Command_List(); } //----------------------------------------------------------------------------// Help //----------------------------------------------------------------------------// // Prints the command list. // void Help (void) { Print_Command_List(); } //----------------------------------------------------------------------------// Error //----------------------------------------------------------------------------// // Indicates that an invalid command was entered at the command prompt. // void Error(void) { printf (" ***INVALID INPUT = %s\n", input_str); } //***************************************************************************** // Interrupt Handlers //***************************************************************************** //----------------------------------------------------------------------------// Timer4_ISR -- Wave Generator //----------------------------------------------------------------------------// // This ISR is called on Timer4 overflows. Timer4 is set to auto-reload mode // and is used to schedule the DAC output sample rate in this example. // Note that the value that is written to DAC1 during this ISR call is // actually transferred to DAC1 at the next Timer4 overflow. // void Timer4_ISR (void) interrupt 16 using 3 { static unsigned phase_acc = 0; int temp1; // holds phase accumulator // the temporary value that passes // through 3 stages before being written // to DAC1
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int code *table_ptr; lng temporary_long; T4CON &= ~0x80; table_ptr = SINE_TABLE; phase_acc += phase_add; // increment phase accumulator // pointer to the lookup table // holds the result of a 16-bit multiply // clear T4 overflow flag
// set the value of to the next output of DAC1 at full-scale // amplitude; the rails are +32767, -32768 switch (output_waveform){ case SINE: // read the table value temp1 = *(table_ptr + (phase_acc >> 8)); break; case SQUARE: // if in the first half-period, then high if ( (phase_acc & 0x8000) == 0 ) { temp1 = 32767; } else { temp1 = -32768; } break; case TRIANGLE: // in first half-period, then y = mx + b if ( (phase_acc & 0x8000) == 0 ) { temp1 = (phase_acc << 1) - 32768; // else, in the second half of period } else { temp1 = -(phase_acc << 1) + 32767; } break; case SAW: temp1 = phase_acc - 32768; break; case OFF:
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temp1 = -32768; break; default: while(1); } // Adjust the Gain temporary_long.Long = (long) ((long)temp1 * (long)amplitude); temp1 = temporary_long.Int[0]; // same as temporary_long >> 16
// Add a DC bias to make the rails 0 to 65535 // Note: the XOR with 0x8000 translates the bipolar quantity into // a unipolar quantity. DAC1 = 0x8000 ^ temp1; }
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Contact Information
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